Medicine
The Men Against Breast Cancer Fund and several cancer advocacy and physician organizations have posted a petition on Change.org asking Congress to place a two-year moratorium on finalizing the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's draft recommendations on screening for breast cancer to forestall the possibility that health insurers will stop covering screening mammograms for women younger than age 50. Since 2010, the Affordable Care Act has mandated that private insurers provide "first-dollar coverage" (no copayments or deductibles) for all preventive services that the USPSTF assigns an "A" or "B" grade - services for which, in Task Force lingo, there is moderate or high certainty of at least moderate net benefit on the population level.
Screening mammography for women age 50 to 74 received a "B" grade the last time the Task Force reviewed the evidence, but it was their "C" grade for women age 40 to 49 that became a lightning rod for health reform opponents. Even though that grade aligned with the small health benefits in this age group and was intended to allow women to make their own decisions about what is, scientifically speaking, a close call, a "C" grade did not guarantee coverage for mammography. So Congress rewrote the ACA to disregard the 2009 recommendations and instead use the most recent version otherwise, dating from 2002 when a previous Task Force had given a "B" grade to mammography starting at age 40. But should the 2015 draft recommendations be finalized, the "C" grade will finally be enacted into law.
That's the backstory. The petition itself is riddled with misrepresentations and errors. For example, it states: "The draft recommendations give mammograms for women ages 40-49 a “C” grade, meaning most women in this age group, according to the Task Force, do not need an annual exam." Not so. Actually, the Task Force is telling physicians and patients to weigh the benefits (a 1 in 2000 chance over 10 years of avoiding death from breast cancer) against the harms (a 6 in 10 chance of a false positive test result, unnecessary biopsy, and/or unnecessary treatment during the same time period).
The petition says: "Of the approximately 40,000 women who die from breast cancer each year, up to 10,000 had cancer that potentially could have been diagnosed with screening mammography prior to the age of 50." I don't know the source of this statistic, but let's say for the sake of argument that it's true. It implies, falsely, that by not undergoing mammography in their 40s, 10,000 American women will die preventable deaths. Unfortunately, a cancer that can be diagnosed (no matter how "early") with screening mammography is not a cancer that can be successfully treated. Even under ideal scientific study conditions with perfect followup, screening mammography reduces mortality in younger women by no more than 20 percent. In real-life settings? A study published recently in JAMA Internal Medicine found that more intensive mammography is associated with the detection of more small breast cancers, but is not associated with fewer large breast cancers or breast cancer deaths.
As journalists, marketers, fundraisers, and politicians know all too well, the best strategy for education and persuasion in the public arena is usually a story that shows rather than tells how the salient facts are relevant in a particular life. If a person’s sister (wife, daughter, lover, friend) has breast cancer, and that cancer was found by a mammogram, they are not interested in populations. He or she is only interested in the sister. In that context, science seems cold, clinical, and uncaring, perhaps even irrelevant.
I would begin by saying that Elizabeth ... had a good life and loving family. And then, at her primary care physician’s recommendation, she had her first mammogram, which was, as we like to say in medicine, “grossly abnormal.” She was called back initially for a diagnostic mammogram and then for an ultrasound with biopsy. ... Over the next three weeks, she had several more mammograms and ultrasounds and 2 MRIs suggestive of a large, aggressive tumor; findings in the other breast that required investigation (“Probably nothing,” she was told, “but once we’ve seen it … ”); and 22 biopsies, several of which resulted in painful collections of clotted blood in her breasts.
Normal life and work were impossible. Elizabeth and her family endured a Thanksgiving punctuated by tears and carefully chosen words so as not to increase the already-suspicious children’s concern. Meanwhile, her physicians were at war: based on the x-ray films, the radiologists argued she had metastatic cancer with a less than 50% chance of 5-year survival, while her surgeons, based on the biopsy pathology, contended she had a rare, mostly benign condition. Fortunately, the surgeons were right. Still, sorting that out took weeks, and because the condition was associated with increased cancer risk, they insisted on bilateral surgery to remove all of the suspicious areas. So Elizabeth’s mammogram didn’t find cancer, but it did lead to the permanent mutilation of her breasts, huge medical bill copays, significant lost time from work, months of extreme stress, and ongoing anxiety about her disfigurement and risk of cancer.
- This Is 40: Evidence-based Vs Politically Mandated Care
Ironically, my Viewpoint on public health and screening mammography appears in JAMA the day after I turned 40. Written with Georgetown law professor Lawrence Gostin, it articulates the reservations I expressed last week about Congress preemptively overruling...
- What Scientific Progress? For Breast Cancer Screening, Congress Acts Like It's Still 2002
When I resigned from the staff of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to return to academia, I said that one of my reasons was to give the USPSTF one more "private sector ally" by being freed to "speak my mind" about the adverse effects of political...
- Screening Mammography: Growing Costs, Shrinking Benefits
Providing preventive services is a core responsibility of family physicians, and, consequently, American Family Physician devotes many pages to keeping readers up-to-date with the latest studies and recommendations on breast cancer screening....
- Should Screening Mammography Always Be A Shared Decision?
In the February 15th issue of American Family Physician, Dr. Maria Tirona reviews areas of agreement and disagreement in major organizational guidelines on screening for breast cancer. There is widespread consensus that annual or biennial mammography...
- "politics Trumped Science": Breast Cancer Chemoprevention
On November 17, 2009, in the same issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine that contained the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's controversial new recommendations on screening for breast cancer, the journal also published a report on the comparative...
Medicine
Countering a too-neat narrative on screening mammography
The Men Against Breast Cancer Fund and several cancer advocacy and physician organizations have posted a petition on Change.org asking Congress to place a two-year moratorium on finalizing the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's draft recommendations on screening for breast cancer to forestall the possibility that health insurers will stop covering screening mammograms for women younger than age 50. Since 2010, the Affordable Care Act has mandated that private insurers provide "first-dollar coverage" (no copayments or deductibles) for all preventive services that the USPSTF assigns an "A" or "B" grade - services for which, in Task Force lingo, there is moderate or high certainty of at least moderate net benefit on the population level.
Screening mammography for women age 50 to 74 received a "B" grade the last time the Task Force reviewed the evidence, but it was their "C" grade for women age 40 to 49 that became a lightning rod for health reform opponents. Even though that grade aligned with the small health benefits in this age group and was intended to allow women to make their own decisions about what is, scientifically speaking, a close call, a "C" grade did not guarantee coverage for mammography. So Congress rewrote the ACA to disregard the 2009 recommendations and instead use the most recent version otherwise, dating from 2002 when a previous Task Force had given a "B" grade to mammography starting at age 40. But should the 2015 draft recommendations be finalized, the "C" grade will finally be enacted into law.
That's the backstory. The petition itself is riddled with misrepresentations and errors. For example, it states: "The draft recommendations give mammograms for women ages 40-49 a “C” grade, meaning most women in this age group, according to the Task Force, do not need an annual exam." Not so. Actually, the Task Force is telling physicians and patients to weigh the benefits (a 1 in 2000 chance over 10 years of avoiding death from breast cancer) against the harms (a 6 in 10 chance of a false positive test result, unnecessary biopsy, and/or unnecessary treatment during the same time period).
The petition says: "Of the approximately 40,000 women who die from breast cancer each year, up to 10,000 had cancer that potentially could have been diagnosed with screening mammography prior to the age of 50." I don't know the source of this statistic, but let's say for the sake of argument that it's true. It implies, falsely, that by not undergoing mammography in their 40s, 10,000 American women will die preventable deaths. Unfortunately, a cancer that can be diagnosed (no matter how "early") with screening mammography is not a cancer that can be successfully treated. Even under ideal scientific study conditions with perfect followup, screening mammography reduces mortality in younger women by no more than 20 percent. In real-life settings? A study published recently in JAMA Internal Medicine found that more intensive mammography is associated with the detection of more small breast cancers, but is not associated with fewer large breast cancers or breast cancer deaths.
Finally: "The draft recommendations also deem the evidence for 3D mammography insufficient, dismissing hundreds of peer-reviewed publications that clearly and consistently show 3D mammography is a more accurate exam." Accurate in what way? That it finds more cancers than conventional mammography does? That it leads to more biopsies, more radiation, more surgery? The Task Force contends (and I agree) that the only reliable measure of a screening test's superiority is whether or not it leads to fewer deaths. For 3D mammography, there's absolutely no proof that it does.
I recognize that for women or loved ones of women who believe their lives to have been saved by mammography, no amount of scientific evidence that I or anyone else can marshal will change their minds. As Dr. Louise Aronson wrote this week in JAMA:
As journalists, marketers, fundraisers, and politicians know all too well, the best strategy for education and persuasion in the public arena is usually a story that shows rather than tells how the salient facts are relevant in a particular life. If a person’s sister (wife, daughter, lover, friend) has breast cancer, and that cancer was found by a mammogram, they are not interested in populations. He or she is only interested in the sister. In that context, science seems cold, clinical, and uncaring, perhaps even irrelevant.
So how can we counter the prevailing narrative of the Task Force as a group of cold-hearted scientists who are more concerned about population-level data than the individual lives of the women we love? We can tell the human story of the guideline developers - half of whom are women over the age of 40 who have personally faced the mammography decision at some point themselves - but we can do much more than that. We can tell a representative story of the hundreds of thousands (or millions, perhaps) of women who experienced serious emotional or physical harm as a result of screening mammography, as Dr. Aronson did:
I would begin by saying that Elizabeth ... had a good life and loving family. And then, at her primary care physician’s recommendation, she had her first mammogram, which was, as we like to say in medicine, “grossly abnormal.” She was called back initially for a diagnostic mammogram and then for an ultrasound with biopsy. ... Over the next three weeks, she had several more mammograms and ultrasounds and 2 MRIs suggestive of a large, aggressive tumor; findings in the other breast that required investigation (“Probably nothing,” she was told, “but once we’ve seen it … ”); and 22 biopsies, several of which resulted in painful collections of clotted blood in her breasts.
Normal life and work were impossible. Elizabeth and her family endured a Thanksgiving punctuated by tears and carefully chosen words so as not to increase the already-suspicious children’s concern. Meanwhile, her physicians were at war: based on the x-ray films, the radiologists argued she had metastatic cancer with a less than 50% chance of 5-year survival, while her surgeons, based on the biopsy pathology, contended she had a rare, mostly benign condition. Fortunately, the surgeons were right. Still, sorting that out took weeks, and because the condition was associated with increased cancer risk, they insisted on bilateral surgery to remove all of the suspicious areas. So Elizabeth’s mammogram didn’t find cancer, but it did lead to the permanent mutilation of her breasts, huge medical bill copays, significant lost time from work, months of extreme stress, and ongoing anxiety about her disfigurement and risk of cancer.
To those who say, as if to brook no further argument: "Screening mammography in young women saves lives, that's all there is to it," I respond, no, that is not all. That too-neat narrative is only a small part of the story. And it's past time that the full story is told.
- This Is 40: Evidence-based Vs Politically Mandated Care
Ironically, my Viewpoint on public health and screening mammography appears in JAMA the day after I turned 40. Written with Georgetown law professor Lawrence Gostin, it articulates the reservations I expressed last week about Congress preemptively overruling...
- What Scientific Progress? For Breast Cancer Screening, Congress Acts Like It's Still 2002
When I resigned from the staff of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to return to academia, I said that one of my reasons was to give the USPSTF one more "private sector ally" by being freed to "speak my mind" about the adverse effects of political...
- Screening Mammography: Growing Costs, Shrinking Benefits
Providing preventive services is a core responsibility of family physicians, and, consequently, American Family Physician devotes many pages to keeping readers up-to-date with the latest studies and recommendations on breast cancer screening....
- Should Screening Mammography Always Be A Shared Decision?
In the February 15th issue of American Family Physician, Dr. Maria Tirona reviews areas of agreement and disagreement in major organizational guidelines on screening for breast cancer. There is widespread consensus that annual or biennial mammography...
- "politics Trumped Science": Breast Cancer Chemoprevention
On November 17, 2009, in the same issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine that contained the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's controversial new recommendations on screening for breast cancer, the journal also published a report on the comparative...